JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS

Quantum Time Evolution Inside Black Holes

2025-09-24T12:23:29+00:00

The behaviour of black holes is one of the most challenging problems facing cosmologists. It was thought that the behaviour of black holes can be described by quantum laws. In this model, using Schrödinger equation and the ordinary gravitational field equation for spherical bodies, a new quantum gravity equation was proposed to describe the behaviour of the black holes. Assuming that the universe undergo a phase transition to become a black hole or if the solar system is trapped by a black hole, the time evolution will certainly be different from that of our ordinary solar system. This work proves that the distance traversed by the moon in one day inside the black hole is equal to that traversed by the moon in 1000 year.

Sayed`s Theory on Quantum Entanglement and Teleportation: Innovative Controlling Parameters and Equations of Occurrence; E =β mc3

2025-10-12T13:07:03+00:00

Abstract

Allah, the Creator, is entangled with everything in the universe. The Quantum Entanglement is neither spooky action at a distance nor science fiction. This theory introduces the parameters controlling the quantum entanglement and teleportation occurrence. A Sayed Quantum entanglement energy equation (SQEEE); E =β mc³, with variable speed, was derived to describe the quantum entanglement phenomena. The entanglement speed was found to be variable with distance and in the range from ~1x10¹² to 1.318 x 10²²m/s. The light speed violation is a must The Sayed quantum entanglement wavelength (SQEW) was calculated and found to be 2.487 x 10^-35 m in the Planck scale. The quantum teleportation mechanism of an object from the macroscopic into the microscopic fields might take place through Sayed`s quantum teleportation tunneling (SQTT). Sayed quantum teleportation wavelength (SQTW) was derived and found to be 5.135x10^-35m for Planck scale. A hypothetical case for object quantum teleportation acceleration (SQTA) was also calculated and found to be 4.738x10²⁰ m/s². It can be imagined that the universe (visible and invisible) is connected and entangled in the quantum scale by encrypted vibrational waves of specific wavelengths as the code of communication between all the universe web components. Sayed`s Quantum Entanglement & Teleportation Diagram (SQETD) was proposed.

Electric Charge, CD-quarks, and the Formation of Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons in the Early Universe

2025-09-02T13:03:51+00:00

Understanding the few minutes of our universe is important in our quest to discover the origins of electric charge. The electric charge began in the early universe during the first few minutes. The first moments after the Big Bang are called the quark-gluon plasma phase. During this phase, there are two distinct periods. The first occurs immediately after the universe's start. The temperatures are so high during the first few minutes that quarks and gluons form strings. The top quark and antibottom quark are strings during this time in the early universe. As they collide, they start to spin, oscillate, and rotate, eventually merging into a single quark. This heavy quark, called the CD-quark, was responsible for developing electric charges in the early universe. Changes in the mass of the CD-quark are the true origin of electric charges. Electric charge is not dependent on mass, but rather on the mass change that occurred during the early universe. The CD-quark spins faster than the speed of light and vibrates in different modes, leading to the creation of electrons, protons, and neutrons. If it rotates clockwise, it generates a negative charge and shifts its vibration mode to produce an electron. An electron is not a fundamental particle. If it spins counterclockwise, it creates a positive charge and shifts into a proton. Some CD-quarks do not spin, resulting in a third vibration mode that creates a neutron. The CD-quark is a heavy quark; however, it is unique because the quark and antiquark are composed of different quarks. This property is crucial for the creation of electric charges and the formation of fundamental particles in the early universe. The CD-quark is the only source of electrons, protons, and neutrons during the first few minutes after the universe begins. After that, CD-quarks cease to exist. Charged particles have finite lifetimes; they are not stable like other particles.

Study on momentum density in semiconductor compounds AlBi, InBi, and GaBi by positron annihilation

2025-08-06T07:42:55+00:00

The independent particle model (IPM) coupled with empirical pseudopotential method (EPM) was used to compute the thermalized positron charge densities in specific family of binary tetrahedrally coordinated crystals of formula ANB8-N. Initial results show a clear asymmetrical positron charge distribution relative to the bond center. It is observed that the positron density is maximum in the open interstices and is excluded not only from the ion cores but also to a considerable degree from the valence bonds. Electron-positron momentum densities are calculated for the (001,110) planes. The results are used to analyze the positron effects in InBi, AlBi, and GaBi. Our computational technique provides the theoretical means of interpreting the k-space densities obtained experimentally using the two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation (2D-ACAR).

Improving the design of self-sustaining power plant prototypes through profit optimization

2025-10-29T11:06:23+00:00

This study investigates disruptive technological pathways for the optimal design of self-sustaining thermal power systems. It focuses on unconventional "vacuum-induced pulling forces," a phenomenon largely overlooked by traditional thermodynamics, where cooling a thermal working fluid (TWF) generates a vacuum and produces mechanical work without direct thermal energy input. This mechanism challenges foundational principles, including the First Law of Thermodynamics (FLT), energy conservation, Carnot’s theorem, and exergy concept definitions.

The research aims to refine the design methodology for Self-Sustaining Power Plants (SSPPs) by optimizing the constant temperature drop (ΔT) between cascaded Power Units (PUs). This strategy facilitates the use of identical PUs, minimizing the number of units required while maximizing life-cycle benefits. A constant ΔT is critical for ensuring consistent useful work output under a constant heat input. The primary objective is to determine the optimal number of cascaded PUs that maximizes the system's self-sufficiency index and overall performance.

Design results indicate that the optimal SSPP configuration, achieving a peak self-sufficiency index, utilizes 8 to 9 cascaded PUs for a ΔT between 40–50 K. This approach simplifies mechanical structure and reduces design, implementation, and operational costs, offering a feasible and disruptive pathway toward truly autonomous energy systems.

Laser Cooling Conditions Dependent on the Photon Density and Frequency Using Quantum Model based on Fluid Laws and Treating Atoms as Strings

2025-07-22T13:35:38+00:00

Using the laws of fluid mechanics for gases and treating atoms as vibrating strings subjected to gas and photon pressure, a useful expressions for cooling conditions was found. These conditions can be applied to nano and quantum systems as far as the model recognises the particle dual nature, which is the cornerstone of quantum physics. These expressions indicated that the atoms density and the degree of cooling, as well the photon density and frequency, affected the cooling process. Dense and high cooling degree requires increasing the applied photon density or the frequency or both.

Quantum Model based on Fluid Energy Laws and String Solution for Laser Cooling Dependent on the Photon Density and Frequency

2025-07-22T13:30:34+00:00

A useful expression for cooling conditions was found using energy conservation Law of a fluid for liquids and gases by treating atoms as vibrating strings subjected to gas and photon pressure. These conditions can be applied to nano and quantum systems since the model recognises the particle dual nature, which is the corner stone of quantum laws. The findings showed that the atoms density, as well as the photon density and frequency, affected the cooling process. High cooling degree requires decreasing the gas density, increasing the applied photon density, or the frequency, or both.

Proposal for Prototyping Disruptive Self-Sufficient Power Engines: Harnessing "Pull" Forces

2025-08-22T12:58:33+00:00

It is widely accepted that energy cannot be created from nothing, but must be transformed in accordance with the laws of conservation. Nonetheless, experimental evidence suggests that useful mechanical work can be generated not only by adding heat but also by extracting it. This process creates a vacuum that produces traction forces, which in turn can yield mechanical work—potentially paving the way for self-sufficient power engines. This article explores plausible technological pathways based on traction or pulling forces, which have been largely overlooked in conventional thermodynamic systems. These forces can be induced by cooling a thermal working fluid, generating vacuum without direct energy input. Achieving a truly self-sufficient heat engine would require rethinking or even challenging foundational principles of thermodynamics, including the conservation of energy, the first law of thermodynamics, Carnot’s theorem, and the concept of exergy. In fact, this proposal undergoes a feasible disruptive path toward Self-Sufficient Power Engines (SSPE). The best result among four cases studied consists of a self-sustaining power plant (SSPE) composed of a cascade of nine Power Units (PUs) that provide a self-sufficiency index of 250 with respect to a reference of 100 and a net electrical power of 597 (kJ/kg) per cycle.

Universe End by Phase Transition Due to Vacuum Energy Change According to the Black Hole Model

2025-07-24T11:44:43+00:00

In this work, a new scenario was propose 8d for the end of the present universe through a phase transition which is based on the expression of the mass in the potential dependent special relativity. For negative attractive vacuum energy exceeding half rest mass energy all rest masses of particles become imaginary with means that they leave the present ordinary universe to become a big black hole.

The model indicated that present universe can undergo phase transition, which causes it to disappear by being transformed to another new one. In this new universe, which resembles a black hole, the universal constants like Planck constant and the speed of light are different from that of the present universe

Doppler effect, speed of the light, stellar velocity and distance

2025-07-06T21:42:31+00:00

Calculating the distance of a star from Earth using stellar parallax makes sense only in two cases. In
the first case, this is possible if the object we are observing is stationary in relation to the Sun, and in the second case,
if the measurements are made simultaneously, but from two different locations. We will consider the case when the
star moves uniformly with respect to the Sun. By measuring the Doppler effect at three different points, we will be
able to determine the speed of light emitted from the star in the direction of the observer, the velocities at which the
star and Sun move regarding the referential coordinate system and finally we will calculate the distance between the
star and the observer.

Prototyping studies for self-sufficient power machines with local resources from the Moon

2025-06-06T11:35:28+00:00

This paper investigates the design challenges of implementing Self-Sustaining Power Machines (SSPMs) for lunar environments using in-situ resources. These machines are engineered to provide on-site energy in the form of heat, mechanical work, or electrical power as required for lunar operations. Given that SSPMs rely on a thermal working fluid for functionality, a key aspect of the design process involves the selection and optimization of this fluid.

Lunar regolith contains trapped gases that can be extracted and utilized—an approach known as In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). Among the available candidate gases (helium, argon, and neon), this study evaluates two SSPM designs compatible with these fluids. These innovative prototypes employ cutting-edge technologies to generate mechanical work through pulling forces, achieved via cooling rather than conventional heating. Notably, the system recovers and regenerates waste cooling heat, enabling reuse without external energy input.

The proposed design framework incorporates a combined cycle (CC) integrating a reverse Brayton cycle (RBC)-based heat pump with an SSPM composed of cascaded power units (PUs). The CC prototype (RBC + SSPM) was tested using helium, argon, and neon obtained through ISRU. Results (Tables 27 and 28) demonstrate that the SSPM-based CC, configured with six PUs operating in a VsVs cycle, achieves a self-sufficient net work output at viable efficiency levels

Preliminary design tasks for prototyping Self Sustaining Power Machines on Mars using local resources

2025-05-15T15:06:21+00:00

This paper presents a preliminary design task to implement a group of machine prototypes capable of generating energy using the natural resources of Mars planet atmosphere. These prototypes are based on disruptive state of the art technologies particularly characterized by using pull forces achieved by cooling an appropriated thermal working fluid in the heat-work conversion interactions. Due to these groundbreaking characteristics, the machine functions as a hybrid isolated system. It operates both as an isolated system in relation to heat sources and sinks, and as a hybrid isolated system in its capacity to generate useful output energy for any energy-consuming application. This machine marks a significant advancement in combined cycles (CC), incorporating a Reversed Brayton Cycle (RBC) and a Self-Sustaining Power Machine (SSPM) of this kind. By combining these thermal engines, the technology enables operation without reliance on either an external heat source or heat sink, challenging traditional thermodynamic principles.

A group of prototypes design tasks based on the case study considers a combined cycle (CC) based on the combination of a heat pump consisting of a reverse Brayton cycle and a self-sustaining power machine (SSPM) is proposed to demonstrate these capabilities. The CC prototype consisting of a RBC and a SSPM was evaluated through the referred case study with argon for the RBC while using argon, air, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide as real thermal working fluids (TWFs) for the cascaded PUs of the SSPM. Results depicted in Tables 16-18-20-22 and 23 indicate that the proposed CC operating equipped with a SSPMs composed by 6 PUs operating on a VsVs cycle achieved a total acceptable amounts of self-sufficient output net work.

Precise Determination of Quantum Size Effect, Reactivity Size and Energy Levels of CdSe Nanoparticles Using Egypt Pyramids Model for Nanotechnology

2025-05-02T12:42:06+00:00

Nowadays, nanotechnology produces a variety of materials and devices, which are important for different applications. However, without a predictive successful model, it takes much more effort, money, and time to get the desired structure suitable for a certain application. Therefore, we aim to apply a new model called Egypt Pyramids Model for Nanotechnology (EPMN) on the two structures of the semiconductor compound CdSe to explain its electronic structures and properties of bulk and nanostructures. Here we show that by applying EPMN on CdSe, the quantum size effect QSE and reactivity size RS were calculated to be 5.45, 2.42, 12.61, 5.6 nm for cubic and hexagonal CdSe, respectively. The observed peaks in absorption and photoluminescence spectra, 678, 529, 457, and 325 nm, match very well the calculated transitions 626.18, 527.59, 455.82, and 326.27 nm, respectively.

Self-Sustaining Power Machines enabled to operate without both heat sink and heat source

2025-04-16T14:11:35+00:00

This paper presents a machine capable of generating energy without the need for a heat sink or external heat source. It is distinguished by its ability to exhibit the fundamental property of maintaining dynamic activity, a characteristic inherent to the atoms of any substance, thereby overcoming all forms of resistance or irreversibility, even in zero-point energy environments. Due to these groundbreaking characteristics, the machine functions as a hybrid isolated system. It operates both as an isolated system in relation to heat sources and sinks, and as a hybrid isolated system in its capacity to generate useful output energy for any energy-consuming application. This machine marks a significant advancement in combined cycles (CC), incorporating a Reversed Brayton Cycle (RBC) and a Self-Sustaining Power Machine (SSPM) of this kind. By combining these thermal engines, the technology enables operation without reliance on either an external heat source or heat sink, challenging traditional thermodynamic principles.

This paper addresses three core objectives related to SSPMs that operate without a heat sink or heat source:

Violation of the FLT: Energy balances involving contraction-based mechanical work performed by pull forces demonstrate a direct violation of the energy conservation principle.

Real Existence of Hybrid Isolated Systems (HIS): Partially isolated systems, or HIS, are capable of emitting energy beyond their isolation boundaries while remaining detached from external energy demands.

Violation of the SLT: The SSPM’s ability to function without an external energy source or heat sink challenges the foundational principles that underpin the SLT.

A prototype design task based on the case study considers a combined cycle (CC) based on the combination of a heat pump consisting of a reverse Brayton cycle and a self-sustaining power machine (SSPM) is proposed to demonstrate these capabilities. The CC prototype consisting of a RBC and a SSPM was evaluated through the referred case study with helium for the RBC while using air and helium as real TWFs for the cascaded PUs of the SSPM. Results depicted in Tables 4-8 indicate that the proposed CC operating equipped with a SSPM composed by 6 PUs operating on a VsVs cycle achieved a total output net work of 617,4 kJ for air and 1092, 8 kJ for helium as TWFs

Sayed`s Theory on Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravity Forces: Innovative Correlation of Electrodynamics and Gravity with Inevitable Violation of E=mc

2025-03-15T13:52:53+00:00

The unified universe is a function in the only Great Creator, Allah. The unification of the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism was achieved in 1979 by Noble laureates. This article is a theory and outstanding approach for unification of electromagnetism and gravity forces. The Sayed`s electromagnetic-gravity force (SEMGF) equations were derived and generated by fusion of Newton, Einstein, Planck, Maxwell equations and Coulomb law. The violation of E=mc2 is remarkably concluded. The unified equations lead to introduce the effect of electromagnetic gravity force on the measured and calculated speed of light. The acceleration, wavelength, gravitational constant, Planck constant, and speed of light were also integrated to develop Maxwell`s equations. The magnetic to electric field ratio was postulated to be π. To verify some universal constants taking into consideration the electromagnetic gravity force, speed of light was served to be violated: ~ 6 x1016 m/s. The Planck force and acceleration were found to be in concordance with the calculated by SEMGF; 1.21029x1044 N and 5.6077x1051 m/s2 respectively. The calculated gravitational constant (G) and electrostatic charge (e) values are; 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2 and 1.602x10-19 C. Some values show differences that could be due to mutual and overlapping effect of the gravity and electromagnetism forces. It is a deep step for unification of gravity and electromagnetism.

Energy Band Structures of Group IV Elements Including Fullerene, Graphite, and Diamond Using the Quantum Quantitative Model

2025-03-01T13:00:46+00:00

The crystalline accommodation law quantum quantitative model (CALQQM) gives the exact relation between the crystal structure and the electronic energy band structure. In addition, it could explain successfully the superconductivity at room temperature, energy levels, and work functions of materials. This model opens the way to reconsider the energy band structures of all crystalline materials according to it. Therefore, we aim to use CALQQM to determine the electronic band structures of group IV elements including their allotropes such as fullerene, graphite, diamond, and α-Sn. Here, we show a great success in determining the band structures of these elements. CALQQM predicted with high accuracy their electronic properties such as work functions, energy gaps, and spectra in a good agreement with experimental results. A perfect agreement between the calculated value (4.69 eV) and experimental value (4.69 eV) of the work function of fullerene 60 was obtained.

How to violate the first law of thermodynamics with an ASE of Papain and Newcomen before it was stated by Clausius

2025-02-07T16:11:03+00:00

This paper explores the historical and thermodynamic implications of the atmospheric steam engines (ASE) developed by Denis Papin and Thomas Newcomen in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. These engines, which operated using vacuum-induced contraction rather than steam expansion, seemingly violated the first law of thermodynamics—conservation of energy—before it was formally articulated by Rudolf Clausius in the mid-19th century. Papin's innovative approach utilized thermal contraction and atmospheric pressure to perform mechanical work, a method later refined by Newcomen. The engines achieved work through vacuum generation by condensing steam with cold water, a process that contradicted the conventional understanding of energy conservation as later defined by Clausius and Carnot. The paper analyzes the operational principles of Papin’s and Newcomen’s ASEs, highlighting how their contraction-based work led to an increase in internal energy while performing useful mechanical work, a phenomenon inconsistent with the first law of thermodynamics. The study also examines the transition from contraction-based engines to expansion-based systems, such as the Rankine cycle, and discusses the implications of these early engines on the development of thermodynamic theory. Through case studies and experimental evidence, the paper argues that the first law, as originally stated, fails to account for contraction-based work, suggesting a need for its revision to include such phenomena. The findings underscore the historical significance of Papin’s and Newcomen’s contributions to engineering and thermodynamics, while also raising questions about the completeness of classical thermodynamic principles.

The Origin Of Electric Charge And Its Relation To Closed And Open Strings In The Early Universe

2025-01-20T23:59:41+00:00

The C-Neutralino, a particle of immense significance, is the primary particle that drives the beginning of our universe. The C-Neutralino decays into other particles, including protons and electrons. The C-Neutralino existed before the beginning of time. They were the catalyst for the start of our universe. As the C-Neutralinos start to collide in the early universe, temperatures rise. When temperatures become as hot 10100 degrees celsus our universe gets its start. We understand this as the Big Bang that happened at the beginning of our universe. The electric charge starts in the early universe during the first few minutes. The first moments after the Big Bang are called the quark-gluon plasma phase. In this phase, there are two different periods. The first period occurs right after the beginnings of the universe. The temperatures are so hot during the first few minutes that the quarks and gluons are strings. The top quark and the antibottom quark are strings during this time in the early universe. As they collide, they start to spin, oscillate, and rotate, becoming one quark. This heavy quark called the cd-quark, was responsible for developing electric charges in the early universe. This change in mass of the cd-quark is the true origin of electric charges. Electric charge is not mass dependent on mass amount but on mass change in the early universe. Charged particles have finite lifetimes. They are not stable like other particles.